A herniated disc is a common neurological condition affecting many people, often causing debilitating back or neck pain along with numbness, weakness, or tingling in the limbs. While many patients respond well to conservative treatments like medication and physiotherapy, some cases progress to a stage where surgical intervention becomes necessary.
What is a Herniated Disc?
The spine is made up of vertebrae cushioned by intervertebral discs—soft, gel-like structures that act as shock absorbers. A herniated disc occurs when the tough outer layer of a disc tears, allowing the inner gel to protrude and compress nearby spinal nerves. This nerve compression leads to symptoms such as radiating pain, numbness, or muscle weakness.
When is Surgery Needed?
Most patients with herniated discs improve with rest, anti-inflammatory medications, physical therapy, or epidural steroid injections. However, surgery becomes essential when:
- Severe pain persists despite months of conservative treatment.
- Progressive muscle weakness or numbness develops.
- Loss of bladder or bowel control occurs (a medical emergency known as cauda equina syndrome).
- Quality of life is significantly affected by pain or neurological symptoms.
Surgical Options for Herniated Disc
As a neurosurgeon, my goal is to relieve nerve compression, reduce pain, and restore function while minimizing risks.
- Microdiscectomy
This is the most common surgical procedure for herniated discs. It involves removing the portion of the disc pressing on the nerve using a small incision and a microscope for precision. The procedure is minimally invasive, usually allowing patients to go home within a day or two. - Laminectomy or Laminotomy
In some cases, removing part of the vertebral bone (lamina) provides more space for the nerves. This is done alongside discectomy if needed. - Spinal Fusion
If the disc damage causes spinal instability, fusion surgery may be recommended to join two or more vertebrae together, preventing abnormal movement and relieving pain.
Recovery and Outcomes
Post-surgery, patients often experience rapid relief from leg or arm pain. Physical therapy plays a vital role in strengthening muscles and improving flexibility during recovery. While surgery has risks like infection or nerve injury, careful patient selection and surgical technique minimize complications.
Why Early Consultation Matters
If you experience persistent or worsening symptoms from a herniated disc, consulting a neurosurgeon early can prevent permanent nerve damage. Timely surgical intervention can restore mobility, reduce pain, and improve your quality of life.
Conclusion
Surgery for herniated disc is a well-established and effective treatment for patients who do not respond to conservative care or have significant neurological deficits. With modern microsurgical techniques, patients can expect quicker recovery and lasting relief. At my practice in Guwahati, I am dedicated to providing personalized, expert care for spinal conditions.
For consultation or appointment, please contact Dr. Naba J Borah